Review of ACKD nanotechnology articles (Vol 20, issue 6, Nov 2013)

ByDean Johnson

This is a cursory review of the nonotechnology articles appearing along with our paper in the Journal “Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease” Most of these are reviews and most deal with nanoparticles for either imaging or therapy. One does discuss nanoparticles for use with membranes to improve biocompatibility. I do not have full access to the journals so these summaries are based on the abstracts and the images available at ackdjournal.org. (this link will eventually expire, fair warning) Low quality images from these articles can be found on Science Direct. for example, the Roy paper.

Applications of Nanoparticles in the Detection and Treatment of Kidney Chris Brede, Vinod Labhasetwar Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH Review of nanoparticle research and clinical applications in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases. Perfluorocarbon Nanoparticles for Physiological and Molecular Imaging and Therapy Junjie Chen, Hua Pan, Gregory M. Lanza, Samuel A. Wickline Washington University, St. Louis, MO

  • Review the use of non-nephrotoxic perfluorocarbon nanoparticles (PFC NPs) for noninvasive detection and therapy of kidney diseases,
  • PFC NPs allow for quantitative mapping of kidney perfusion and oxygenation after ischemia-reperfusion injury (MRI)
  • Imaging inflammation in the kidney of atherosclerotic ApoE-null mice.
  • Facilitate drug delivery for treatment of inflammation, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in selected conditions that are comorbidities for kidney failure.
  • Excellent safety profile of PFC NPs

MRI-Detectable Nanoparticles: The Potential Role in the Diagnosis of and Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease Jennifer R. Charlton, Scott C. Beeman, Kevin M. Bennett University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI

  • Noninvasive imaging techniques are being developed to quantitatively measure kidney morphology and function in preclinical research and in clinical trials.
  • Targeted magnetic nanoparticles that exploit the characteristics of the endogenous protein, ferritin, have been developed in conjunction with MRI to count every perfused glomerulus in the kidney and measure their individual volumes.

Nanosized Contrast Agents to Noninvasively Detect Kidney Inflammation by Magnetic Resonance Imaging Joshua M. Thurman, Natalie J. Serkova University of Colorado–Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO

  • Kidney biopsy is currently the only method of definitively diagnosing active kidney inflammation.
  • Molecular imaging methods
    • Nanosized contrast agents
    • Detect markers of inflammation within tissues.
  • New molecular imaging methods
    • Contrast agents
    • Detecting particular immune cells
    • Protein biomarkers
    • Allow clinicians to evaluate inflammation throughout the kidneys
    • Assess a patient’s response to immunomodulatory drugs.

Targeting Therapeutics to the Glomerulus With Nanoparticles Jonathan E. Zuckerman, Mark E. Davis California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA

  • Nanoparticles for tissue-/cell-specific therapeutics
  • Glomerulus overlooked as a target organ
  • Literature review of nanoparticle targeting of the glomerulus
  • Appropriate nanoparticle design criteria for glomerular targeting.

Microelectromechanical Systems and Nephrology: The Next Frontier in Renal Replacement Technology Steven Kim, Shuvo Roy University of California, San Francisco, CA

  • Review of MEMS biomedical devices
  • Relatively underused in nephrology
  • Improving the delivery of renal replacement therapies
  • Enhancing the monitoring of physiologic parameters
  • Introduce nephrologists to MEMS
    • Define relevant terms
    • Describe the basic processes used to fabricate devices.
    • MEMS technology specific to nephrology will be highlighted and future applications will be examined.

Nanomaterials for Membrane Fouling Control: Accomplishments and Challenges Qian Yang, Baoxia Mi University of Maryland, College Park, MD

  • Review of nanomaterials to improve membrane antifouling properties
    • Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles
    • Carbon-based nanomaterials
    • Polymeric nanomaterials
  • Adding materials to membranes
    • Blending them into membrane fabricating materials
    • Attaching them to membrane surfaces via physical
    • Chemical approaches.
  • Properties
    • High hydrophilicity
    • Superparamagnetic
    • Antibacterial
    • Amenable functionality
    • Strong hydration capability
  • Challenges in achieving a broader adoption
    • Long-term antifouling performance
    • Hemocompatibility
    • Toxicity toward humans

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